What is できます?
できます is the polite way to express ability in Japanese. While the potential form (行ける, 話せる) is the go-to in casual speech, ことができます is more formal and shows up in polite conversation, business settings, and written Japanese.
Think of it as the difference between "I can do it" (potential form) and "I am able to do it" (できます). Same meaning, slightly different weight. Our lesson on expressing ability and obligation covers both できる and the potential form together.
How to Use with Verbs
Take any verb in dictionary form, add ことができます:
[verb dictionary form] + ことができます
| Verb | With できます |
|---|---|
| 話す | 日本語を話すことができます |
| 泳ぐ | 泳ぐことができます |
| 食べる | 食べることができます |
| する | することができます |
| 来る | 来ることができます |
Negative: Change できます to できません:
- 運転することができません (I can't drive)
Past: Change to できました / できませんでした:
- 全部食べることができました (I was able to eat everything)
How to Use with Nouns
When a noun is closely associated with an activity, できる can attach directly to the noun:
| Noun | Example |
|---|---|
| 英語 | 英語ができる (can speak English) |
| ギター | ギターができます (can play guitar) |
| 料理 | 料理ができる (can cook) |
| テニス | テニスができますか? (can you play tennis?) |
This shortcut works when the noun implies a clear action. You don't need to say 英語を話すことができる because 英語ができる already means "can do English" (i.e., speak it).
できます vs Potential Form
| できます pattern | Potential form |
|---|---|
| 食べることができます | 食べられます |
| More formal | More casual/natural |
| Written/business | Everyday speech |
| Longer | Shorter |
In most casual conversations, Japanese speakers prefer the potential form. But ことができます appears in:
- Textbooks and formal explanations
- Business emails and documents
- Polite announcements
- JLPT test questions
The Particle: Always が
With できる, the particle is always が:
- 日本語ができる (not を)
- テニスができますか? (not を)
This is different from the potential form where both を and が work.
