What is the Dictionary Form?
The dictionary form is exactly what it sounds like. The form you'll find when you look up a verb in a dictionary. It's the starting point for all conjugation, the most stripped-down version of a verb.
But it's not just a reference form. In real life, it IS the present/future tense in casual speech. When friends talk to each other, when you text your buddy, when you think to yourself. That's all dictionary form territory.
Where You'll Use It
Casual conversation: Among friends, family, and people you're close with, dictionary form is the default. Using ます form with your childhood friend would sound bizarre. Our lesson on formal vs. casual speech explores when to use dictionary form and when to switch to polite ます.
Inside longer sentences: Even in polite speech, dictionary form shows up in subordinate clauses. You might say 映画を見る前に (before watching a movie) inside an otherwise polite sentence.
After grammar patterns: Tons of grammar points attach to the dictionary form: ことができる (can do), つもり (intend to), のが好き (like doing), はず (should be), etc. You'll find many of these patterns in the JLPT N5 grammar list.
Quoting and reporting: When you quote what someone said or thinks, you use dictionary form before と: 行くと言った (said they'd go).
Dictionary Form by Verb Group
| U-verbs | Ru-verbs | Irregulars |
|---|---|---|
| 買う (kau) | 食べる (taberu) | する (suru) |
| 書く (kaku) | 見る (miru) | 来る (kuru) |
| 話す (hanasu) | 開ける (akeru) | |
| 飲む (nomu) | いる (iru) | |
| 泳ぐ (oyogu) | 寝る (neru) | |
| 待つ (matsu) | 起きる (okiru) |
The Plain Form System
Dictionary form is just one piece of the casual verb puzzle:
| Affirmative | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| Non-past | Dictionary form (食べる) | Nai-form (食べない) |
| Past | Ta-form (食べた) | Nakatta-form (食べなかった) |
Together, these four forms make up plain form. The complete casual conjugation system.
Dictionary Form vs Masu Form
Think of it like the difference between "gonna eat" and "I will eat." Same meaning, different register:
- 食べる — casual, friends, internal thought
- 食べます — polite, strangers, workplace
Both mean "eat / will eat." The choice is purely about social context, not grammar.
Example Sentences
-
今日は何する？ (kyou wa nani suru?) — What are you doing today?
-
明日早く起きる。 (ashita hayaku okiru.) — I'll wake up early tomorrow.
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この映画知ってる？ (kono eiga shitteru?) — Do you know this movie?
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週末どこか行く？ (shuumatsu dokoka iku?) — Going anywhere this weekend?
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お腹すいた。何か食べる？ (onaka suita. nanika taberu?) — I'm hungry. Wanna eat something?
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彼は来ると思う。 (kare wa kuru to omou.) — I think he'll come.
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日本語を話すのが好き。 (nihongo wo hanasu no ga suki.) — I like speaking Japanese.
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それを開ける道具が必要だ。 (sore wo akeru dougu ga hitsuyou da.) — We need a tool to open it.