Japanese Connectives & Relational Patterns
How do you say about, according to, compared to, on behalf of, or as a ~ in Japanese? These に〜, を〜 and 上 patterns link a sentence to its topic, its source, its standard and its role. They carry most of the connective load in written Japanese and in JLPT N3 reading passages.
25 grammar points
に対して | Toward and In Contrast in Japanese
Toward; against; in contrast to; per
にとって | For and From the Standpoint Of in Japanese
For; to; from the standpoint of
について | About and Concerning in Japanese
About; concerning; regarding
によると | According To in Japanese
According to; based on (a source)
によって | By, Depending On, and Due To in Japanese
By; depending on; due to; by means of
にしたがって・につれて | As and In Proportion To in Japanese
As ~ progresses; in proportion to; in accordance with
にしても | Even If and Even So in Japanese
Even if; even though; whether ~ or
にしては | For a ~ and Considering in Japanese
For a ~; considering that; given that
に反して | Contrary To in Japanese
Contrary to; against; in opposition to
に比べて | Compared To in Japanese
Compared to; in comparison with
にかわって | Instead Of and On Behalf Of in Japanese
Instead of; on behalf of; in place of
において | In and At, Formal in Japanese
In; at; on; regarding (formal)
に慣れる | To Get Used To in Japanese
To get used to; to become accustomed to
として | As and In the Role Of in Japanese
As; in the capacity of; in the role of
ところが | However and But Then in Japanese
However; but then; and yet
ところで | By the Way in Japanese
By the way; incidentally; changing the subject
上で | After and Upon Doing in Japanese
After doing; upon; in the course of
上に | On Top Of That and Besides in Japanese
On top of that; besides; in addition to
と共に | Together With and As in Japanese
Together with; along with; as ~ changes
を中心に | Centred On and Mainly in Japanese
Centred on; mainly; with ~ at the centre
をはじめ | Starting With and Including in Japanese
Starting with; including; ~ and others
を込めて | With Feeling Put Into It in Japanese
With; putting (feeling) into; filled with
を通じて | Through and Throughout in Japanese
Through; via; throughout (a period)
は別として | Aside From and Leaving Aside in Japanese
Aside from; leaving aside; setting ~ apart
の下で | Under and Under the Guidance Of in Japanese
Under; under the guidance of; under conditions of
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